A scoping review on the roles of foot and ankle proprioception and sensitivity related to postural control during upright standing

Abstract

Background: Somatosensory information (sensitivity of proprioceptive and cutaneous aspects) is crucial for maintaining a stable upright posture, especially in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, studies implement interventions to manipulate somatosensory inputs to understand the role of sensory information on postural control.

Aim: In this scoping review we aimed to discuss the relationship between biomechanical parameters of postural control and somatosensory information in three sub-questions regarding aging, neuropathic conditions (mainly diabetes-induced), and sensory interventions.

Methods: Literature review.

Results: The literature search identified 1,355 potentially relevant articles, of which 49 met the inclusion criteria. We found significant relationships between biomechanical measures such as the center of pressure (CoP) and the availability of somatosensory information.

Interpretation: Our review suggests that biomechanical analyses commonly focus on CoP as a key measure of balance, while the methods for assessing somatosensory function vary greatly. This variability could bias participant recruitment and study outcomes. Our review also offers an overview of the most common experimental setups used in recent decades and proposes suggestions for future research. We conclude that a methodological approach that integrates biomechanics with neurophysiological measurements is crucial for a more comprehensive understanding of postural responses and recommends its consideration in future studies. Additionally, future studies should aim to standardize somatosensory assessments to improve the reliability of biomechanical findings in studies addressing postural control.