BJMB
Brazilian Journal of Motor Behavior
Research Article
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Ávila de Oliveira et al.
2019
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Feasibility of evaluating effects of muscle fatigue on postural stability and muscular
activation of the supporting leg in soccer power kicking
JÚLIA A. OLIVEIRA
1
| CAROLINE R. DE SOUZA
1
| CARLA D. P. RINALDIN
2
| DANIEL B. COELHO
1,3
| LUIS A. TEIXEIRA
1
|
1
Human Motor Systems Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
2
Graduate Program on Health Technology, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, PR, Brazil.
3
Biomedical Engineering, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil.
Correspondence to: Júlia Ávila de Oliveira, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65. Cidade Universitária, USP, São Paulo, SP. BRAZIL. 05508-030
email: julia.avila@usp.br
https://doi.org/10.20338/bjmb.v13i5.146
HIGHLIGHTS
• Effect of muscular fatigue on dynamic
balance and muscular activation in a kick task.
• Muscular fatigue failed to lead to functional
changes in a specific soccer task.
• Neuromuscular adaptations allow for
maintenance of balance stability while kicking.
ABBREVIATIONS
APAs anticipatory postural adjustments
CoP center of pressure
EMG electromyographic
MG medial gastrocnemius
PL peroneus longus
SD self-declared
SOL soleus
TA tibial anterior
PUBLICATION DATA
Received 15 10 2019
Accepted 30 11 2019
Published 01 12 2019
BACKGROUND: Muscle fatigue accumulated during a soccer game can be a critical element to athletic
performance.
AIM: The aim of this study was to analyze the feasibility of evaluating the effect of local fatigue on balance and
muscular activation of the support leg in soccer players when performing power kicks.
METHOD: Six soccer players were evaluated in the kicking task, supported on a force platform. The ball was
stabilized on a base beside the force platform by two elastic strings attached to fixed points on the floor. The
variables analyzed were: CoP displacement amplitude; activation magnitude of the soleus (SOL), medial
gastrocnemius (MG), tibial anterior (TA), and peroneus longus muscles (PL) for three intervals: 200 ms prior to
foot-ball contact, and between 30-60 ms and 80-135 ms after foot-ball contact; co-contraction between the MG-
TA and PL-TA muscles; and peak velocity of the kicking leg. Muscular fatigue was induced by means of
repeated oscillations of the kicking leg until exhaustion.
RESULTS: Results indicated that fatigue failed to affect either velocity of the kicking leg or postural stability while
kicking. Electromyographic analysis revealed that induced fatigue decreased activation of the medial
gastrocnemius muscle and increased activation of the soleus muscle following foot-ball contact.
CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate the feasibility of analyzing the effect of local fatigue on dynamic
balance and muscular activation in the performance of a power kick.
KEYWORDS: Fatigue| Postural Control| Muscular Activation| Soccer
INTRODUCTION
Postural stability has been shown to be determinant in soccer player performance
1
.
Postural instability is one of the intrinsic factors that may lead to increased risk of injury
2
.
Ankle sprains have been cited as one of the most common musculoskeletal injuries among
athletes who rely on sudden stops and changes of direction, like in a soccer game
3
. More
specifically, an epidemiological study on soccer injuries showed that 17% of injuries are
lateral ankle sprains
4
. Among ankle injuries in soccer players, 48% occur at the end of
each half of the match
5
. It has been speculated that alteration in muscle responses caused
by local fatigue may explain the increase in lower limb injuries among athletes
3,6,7
. The
fatigue process induces exaggerated joint stiffness and delayed automatic postural
responses by reducing spinal reflexes
8-10
, compromising motor control performance in
reactive postural responses to perturbation
9,11-13
. When an individual is exposed to
stressful tasks, motoneurons become less sensitive to synaptic entry, degrading
proprioceptive afferent feedback from the muscle spindles, and efferent information
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becomes insufficient, compromising muscle contraction latency in several tasks
14
. As the
literature has shown that the postural control of soccer athletes is preferably regulated by
proprioceptive pathways, which are impaired by fatigue, it is possible to assume that
delayed and decreased postural muscle recruitment may lead to a higher incidence of
ankle injury in this condition.
Some studies have evaluated whether soccer-induced fatigue alters postural
control, and may be a potential cause of the high incidence of ankle injuries in players
7,15-17
.
However, results are controversial. In addition to using different protocols for fatigue
induction, these studies used different mechanisms to measure postural stability, with
scarce concomitant assessment of balance related to muscle activation parameters and
postural control strategies. The effect of fatigue on postural control is influenced by the
parameters of muscle location, decreased muscle strength, exercise intensity and duration,
muscle action, and number of affected muscles
11
. Different compensatory postural
strategies are used to reduce the perturbation of postural control caused by general or
local muscle fatigue
11-13
, but no studies were identified in the reviewed literature evaluating
the influence of the activity of different ankle stabilizer muscles and compensatory
strategies on postural control after fatigue induction in soccer players.
Controlled studies about the effect of fatigue on the postural control of soccer
athletes are still lacking in the literature. It would be of interest to adjust a fatigue-induction
protocol to resemble the demands of the game, or induce postural perturbations that alter
neuromuscular control to analyze the effects. It is also necessary to choose postural tests
that resemble the movements used in the sport modality. In addition, postural control
should be evaluated in conjunction with muscular activation to better understand the
effects of fatigue on postural control and the possible use of compensatory strategies. The
aim of the present study was to analyze the feasibility of evaluating the effect of muscle
fatigue of the supporting leg in soccer players on postural stability and activation of the
stabilizing muscles of the ankle in the task of kicking a ball, with similar mechanical
requirements as in a real game situation.
METHODS
Participants
Six male university soccer and/or futsal athletes, right-footed for kicking (self-
declared), age range 19-27 years (M = 22.00, SD = 2.68), participated voluntarily in this
study. As inclusion criteria, participants were required to have had no ankle sprain in the
supporting leg in the previous six months, have participated in regular training in the
previous four years, with at least three training sessions per week, and regular
participation in competitive soccer games. Participants signed an informed consent in
accordance with procedures approved by the local research ethics committee.
Task and equipment
The task was performed on a force platform (BTS, P6000, Italy),during which
participants were tested while performing a power kick of a soccer ball (Figure 1). The kick
was made with the upper face of the right foot, with the purpose of striking the ball with
maximum power towards a rectangular target (100 cm x 60 cm), placed on the ground 2 m
in front of the ball position. The ball was stabilized on a base arranged beside the force
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platform. The force platform was used as support for the supporting leg during the kick. An
additional (leveling) base was arranged behind and shifted to the left of the force platform
as a starting point for kicking. The two support bases and force platform were leveled at 10
cm above the ground. The ball was stabilized on the support base by two elastic strings
attached to fixed points on the floor. This device allowed the ball to move a few
centimeters forward, without reaching the target, with a fast return to its original position.
To begin the task, participants performed a single step to approach the ball, starting from
the leveling base, and then kicking in a continuous action.
Figure 1. Representation of the soccer-specific task, showing (A) the locating foot placement of the support
leg after the rapid approach step; (B) the attached ball that could be kicked with small displacement; (C)
force plate for analysis of leg support data; (D) starting base; and (E) kick target.
Reflective markers (14 mm in diameter) were attached to the upper portion of the
ball, and to the lateral malleolus of the kicking leg. These markers were tracked through
four optoelectronic cameras (Vicon, model T10) to evaluate the time of contact of the
kicking foot with the ball, the displacement of the kicking leg, and the ankle joint
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movements of the supporting leg. Wireless electromyographic electrodes (EMG, Delsys,
Trigno) were used to record activation of the medial gastrocnemius (MG), tibial anterior
(TA), peroneus longus (PL), and soleus (SOL) muscles of the supporting leg. Force
platform, kinematic, and EMG signals were synchronized through the Vicon Nexus system.
Experimental design and procedures
In a single group design, participants were evaluated immediately before and
immediately after oscillatory movements of the swinging leg to induce muscle fatigue of the
support leg. Three trials of the kicking task were performed in sequence, with inter-trial
intervals of 10-15 s. Fatigue was induced by a protocol of voluntary swaying of the right
(kicking) leg in the anteroposterior direction while maintaining unipedal support on the left
leg. Oscillatory leg movements were generated predominantly by hip action, with arms free
for body balance. Range of motion was individually defined, with peak-to-peak
anteroposterior variation of approximately 1-1.2 m. The frequency of oscillatory
movements was 80 cycles/min., following auditory signals emitted by a digital metronome
(BOSS, model DB-60). Oscillatory movements were performed during intervals of 30 s,
interspersed with rest intervals (standing in bipedal support) of 10 s. To prevent
interruption of leg movements due to loss of balance, participants were allowed to lightly
touch a fixed support in front of them in situations of high postural instability. Throughout
the protocol, the participant's perception of effort was registered (scale ranging from 1-10).
The fatigue induction phase was terminated when the participant reported being unable to
continue the leg oscillatory movements because of fatigue-related discomfort. For
functional assessment of fatigue, immediately before and immediately after the fatiguing
activities, three maximal single leg vertical jumps were performed with the left leg.
EMG signals were sampled at a frequency of 2000 Hz, amplified at a gain of 1000
and filtered with a bandpass of 20 to 400 Hz. Center of pressure (CoP) position and
kinematic data were sampled at a frequency of 200 Hz and filtered with a 10 Hz low pass
Butterworth filter. Data were processed using Matlab software (MathWorks).
Data analysis
Analyzes were performed on the individual means of 3 trials. For the kicking task,
the interval between the beginning of the vertical force increase on the force platform
during the approach kicking step (identification criterion: vertical force equal to 1 N) and
the beginning of the displacement of the marker placed on the ball (foot-ball contact;
identification criterion: marker speed equal to 20 mm/s) was analyzed.
The following dependent variables were analyzed: (a) mediolateral CoP
displacement amplitude given by the peak-to-peak difference over the analyzed range (the
mediolateral rather than the anteroposterior direction is considered to represent the main
challenge to maintain a stable unipedal stance for kicking); (b) magnitude of muscle
activation, defined by the mean square value of the electromyographic signal envelope,
normalized by the mean value of the respective muscle in the pre-fatigue phase in quiet
posture, calculated for the following intervals: 200 ms prior to foot-ball contact, and
between 30-60 ms (short interval) and 80-135 ms (long interval) after foot-ball contact.
These intervals were analyzed for all evaluated muscles; (c) co-contraction between the
MG-TA and PL-TA muscles, given by the co-contraction index calculated by the temporal
overlap of activation between the muscles during the analyzed intervals, from the
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electromyographic signal integral
18
; and (d) peak velocity of the kicking leg, given by the
resulting maximum instantaneous velocity in the pre-contact interval.
Dependent variables were analyzed for comparisons between the pre- and post-
fatigue phases using the nonparametric Wilcoxon test to compare two repeated measures.
The significance level was set at 5%.
RESULTS
Fatigue-induction protocol
The duration of the protocol varied according to each participant, with a minimum
of 67 min. (100 trials of 30 s of leg swing) and maximum 140 min. (210 trials). The average
duration of the protocol among participants was 105 min. (158 trials).
Unipedal vertical jump
Analysis of the unipedal vertical jump indicated that the air phase duration was
significantly shorter in the post-fatigue phase (M = 310 ms; SE = 20) compared to the pre-
fatigue phase (M = 360 ms; SE = 10), z = 1.99, p = 0.04.
Kicking task
Figure 2 presents signals from a representative trial in the pre-fatigue kicking task
for the following: (A) kicking foot velocity, (B) mediolateral CoP, and (C) TA, (D) PL, (E)
MG, and (F) SOL muscular activation. The analyzed time intervals (pre-contact, short and
long post-contact) are represented by the shaded areas.
The results showed no significant differences between pre- and post-fatigue
phases for kicking leg velocity (pre-fatigue, M = 8.13 m/s; SE = 0.55; post-fatigue, M = 8.09
m/s; SE = 0.57) or mediolateral CoP displacement amplitude of the support leg (pre-fatigue,
M = 3.92 cm; SE = 0.96; post fatigue, M = 3.97 cm; SE = 0.58).
Pre-contact and short post-contact muscle activation analyzes indicated no fatigue
effect in any evaluated muscles (z values < 1.78, p values > 0.05). Analysis of the long
post-contact period indicated lower activation in the MG muscle (z = 2.20, p = 0.02) and
higher activation in the SOL muscle (z = 1.99, p = 0.04) in the post-fatigue phase
compared to the pre-fatigue phase (Figure 3). In the other muscles evaluated, no
significant differences in muscle activation related to fatigue were found. However, at the
descriptive level it is possible to observe a non-significant trend towards lower post-fatigue
activation of the PL muscle in the pre-contact and short post-contact intervals. Similarly, it
is possible to observe a tendency towards greater post-fatigue activation in the pre-contact
interval of the TA and SOL muscles. Muscular fatigue failed to lead to significant effects on
co-contraction (p values > 0.05).
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Figure 2. Representative curves of (A) kicking foot velocity, (B) mediolateral CoP displacement, and
activation magnitude of the (C) tibialis anterior (TA), (D) peroneus longus (PL), (E) medial gastrocnemius
(MG), and (F) soleus muscles (SOL). The vertical dashed line indicates the moment of foot-ball contact in the
kick. The intervals in the analysis are shaded: pre-contact, short and long post-contact intervals.
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Figure 3. EMG during the kick: means of activation (standard error in vertical bars) of (A) medial
gastrocnemius (MG), (B) soleus (SOL), (C) tibialis anterior (TA), and (D) peroneus longus (PL). * indicates
statistically significant effects between pre- and post-fatigue.
DISCUSSION
The aim of the present study was to analyze the feasibility of evaluation of the
effect of muscle fatigue of the support leg in soccer players on postural stability and
activation of the stabilizing muscles of the ankle in the task of kicking a ball, using a similar
motor pattern as in a real game situation, The protocol was shown to be effective in
inducing fatigue, as indicated by the decreased performance in the functional assessment
of a vertical jump in unipedal support, with mainly ankle plantar flexion (minimized hip
action). Fatigue failed to lead to functional changes in either the support leg (based on
CoP displacement) or kicking leg (based on peak velocity). The main changes in muscle
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activation occurred in the long post-contact period, with decreased MG muscle activation
and increased SOL muscle activation.
Regarding the fatigue protocol employed, the exercise time was considerably
different between participants. This fact may be related to the high interindividual variability
of the responses found. In aerobic activity, Medbo et al.
19
reported that the longer the
duration of the treadmill exhaustion protocol, the greater the response variability. The
protocol used in the present study was designed to cause local fatigue, with predominant
involvement of lower and upper leg muscles, with repetitive swing leg movements requiring
muscular contractions of the support leg to stabilize body posture. The long duration of the
protocol indicates that the exercise was of relatively low intensity for the participants. This
characteristic indicates that the protocol employed resembles the demands of the soccer
game, with central fatigue characteristics, such as those caused by long-term running
protocols on a treadmill
12
. Thus, it is possible to analyze the effect of a protocol that
resembles the demands of the game on a specific task of the sport modality.
Analysis of the kicking task through peak kicking leg velocity suggests that the
supporting leg muscle fatigue did not affect the kicking leg displacement. This result
indicates that variations in muscle activation between the pre- and post-fatigue phases
were not due to displacement with different kicking leg velocities between the pre- and
post-fatigue phases. Similarly, no fatigue effect was found on the mediolateral stability of
the supporting leg during kicking. Changes in postural and neuromuscular control
strategies can be employed in an attempt to achieve the same level of stability after
different fatigue protocols
11-13
and ensure task efficiency. Baptista et al.
20
showed that
fatigue did not interfere with the accuracy of the kick in soccer players. However, to
maintain accuracy (task efficiency) under fatigue, players increased their visual
dependence, analyzed by the number and duration of visual fixations on areas of interest
such as the ball and the target. Compensation strategies in the non-fatigued muscles, as
suggested by the tendencies observed in the SOL and TA muscles, may have favored the
maintenance of stability in the supporting leg during kicking.
When the individual is exposed to predictable perturbation (voluntary kick leg
swing), one of the strategies used to maintain body stability is the production of
anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs), such as pre-contact activation of postural
muscles
21
, by issuing descending commands from superior neural structures in
anticipation of a postural perturbation
22-24
. After foot-ball contact, two moments of post-
contact muscle response were considered, analogous to reactive responses (self-induced
perturbation): short interval and long interval. According to Grüneberg et al.
9
, event-related
fast muscular responses are predominantly modulated by the stretch reflex and long range
responses. These appear to be task specific and modulated by a complex postural control
system with corrective responses through the use of peripheral sensory information.
Postural regulation during the kicking task is predominantly based on APAs. However,
contact with the ball at the moment of kicking represents a sudden variation in the
swinging leg displacement and can be considered an extrinsic perturbation, generating a
possible reactive response in the supporting leg in an attempt to maintain postural balance.
Analysis of the muscle activation results shows that the fatigue protocol mainly influenced
the interval of supraspinal participation in postural control, in the long post-contact phase.
Central fatigue causes the inability to voluntarily activate muscles as it affects excitability
and synaptic input to motor neurons
25
, impairing the feedback processing of muscle
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spindles
14
. As a result, APAs and task-specific reactive responses could be affected in
fatigued muscles.
During the execution of the kick the compensatory strategies that seem to have
occurred between the stabilizing muscles of the ankle may have favored the maintenance
of postural stability under fatigue. Since kicking is a soccer-specific task and players
perform it under fatigue, these compensations may be adaptations developed by players
as a result of soccer training. Previous results have shown that sport training induces
specific adaptations in postural control to the modality practiced
26-28
. Unpredictable
situations that require reactive responses, such as ankle sprain situations, do not always
allow the use of anticipatory mechanisms and, therefore, joint stabilization occurs after the
perturbation, mainly through adjustments in the long latency phase of the muscular
response
9
. The post-contact compensatory adjustments observed in the present study
appear to be task-dependent. Namely, they occur in specific tasks of the modality
practiced as a result of specific training. Thus, it is possible to assume that in unpredictable
situations of the modality these adjustments do not occur optimally, which may lead to
increased instability at the ankle, increasing the risk of injury under muscular fatigue.
CONCLUSION
As the main conclusion, our study indicated the feasibility of evaluating the effect
of muscular fatigue on dynamic balance and muscular activation in a power kick task. As
far as we know, this is the first investigation to measure these variables in a context of
mechanical requirements comparable to those seen in game-like situations in a laboratory
setting. With respect to results interpretation, it is important to note that velocity of the
kicking leg was not reduced after fatiguing activities of the support leg, allowing for
appropriate comparisons between pre- and post-fatigue evaluations.
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Citation: Ávila de Oliveira J, Ribeiro de Souza C, Rinaldin CDP, Coelho DB, Teixeira LA. Feasibility of evaluating
effects of muscle fatigue on postural stability and muscular activation of the supporting leg in the soccer power kicking.
BJMB. 2019:13(5): 144-154.
Editors: Dr Fabio Augusto Barbieri - São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, SP, Brazil; Dr José Angelo Barela -
São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil; Dr Natalia Madalena Rinaldi - Federal University of
Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, ES, Brazil.
Copyright:© 2019 Ávila de Oliveira, Ribeiro de Souza, Rinaldin, Coelho and Teixeira and BJMB. This is an open-
access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- Non Commercial- No Derivatives 4.0
International License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work was supported by the Brazilian Council of Science and Technology (CNPq, grant number
435412/2018-3, to LAT; grant number133659/2019-4, to JAO).
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
DOI:!https://doi.org/10.20338/bjmb.v13i5.146